answer:Atharis, also known as Ahl al-Hadith or Salafis in a modern context, represent a traditionalist approach within Sunni Islam. They hold to the early Muslims' understanding of Islamic theology, known as Salaf al-Salih (the pious predecessors), which includes the first three generations of Muslims after the Prophet Muhammad. The term 'Athari' comes from 'athar', referring to the narrations or traditions of the Prophet and his companions. Key beliefs and principles of the Athari school include: 1. **Primacy of Texts**: Atharis give precedence to the texts of the Quran and the Hadith over human opinion and rational speculation. They reject the use of philosophical theology (kalam) to explain matters of the unseen or divine attributes, which they believe should be accepted as they have come in the texts without interpretation (ta'wil) or anthropomorphic analogies (tashbih). 2. **Understanding of God's Attributes**: Atharis affirm all of the divine attributes mentioned in the Quran and Hadith according to their 'apparent' (dhahir) meaning, but without delving into how these attributes are manifested (bi la kayf). They reject any attempt to allegorize or rationalize these attributes, emphasizing that nothing is like unto God. 3. **Adherence to the Salaf**: Atharis strive to adhere strictly to the practices and beliefs of the first generations of Muslims, arguing that these represent the purest form of Islam. 4. **Rejection of Innovation (Bid'ah)**: They strongly oppose any innovation in religion that has no basis in the Quran or Sunnah, categorizing such practices as bid'ah and considering them a deviation from the true path. 5. **Reliance on Authentic Hadith**: Atharis place a strong emphasis on the authenticity of Hadith and typically engage in meticulous scrutiny of hadith chains of narration to determine the reliability of the traditions of the Prophet. 6. **Critique of Other Legal Schools**: Atharis may critique the other Sunni schools of thought for what they see as an over-reliance on juristic reasoning (ra'y) and consensus (ijma') that is not directly tied to the texts. 7. **Eschatology**: They uphold traditional Sunni views on matters of eschatology, such as belief in the physical resurrection, the day of judgment, heaven and hell, and the signs of the hour. 8. **Unity and Community**: Atharis emphasize the importance of unity among Muslims and encourage following the community (ummah), acknowledging the authority of duly appointed leaders (as long as they are not openly unjust or un-Islamic). The Athari approach to theology has been influential in the development of various Islamic movements, particularly the contemporary Salafi movement, which often looks to Athari theology as a basis for its teachings. Despite these distinctive theological and jurisprudential stances, Atharis engage in the basic religious practices common to all Sunni Muslims, such as the five pillars of Islam, while emphasizing a strict adherence to the Prophet's example.

answer:The Ash'ari school is one of the main theological schools within Sunni Islam, founded by Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. The Ash'ari school arose as a response to the purely literalist interpretations of the Quran and Hadith by the Atharis (traditionalists) and the rationalist doctrines of the Mu'tazila, who placed great emphasis on reason and held controversial positions, such as the creation of the Quran and the denial of God's attributes. Key beliefs and principles of the Ash'ari school include: 1. **Divine Attributes**: Ash'aris affirm all of the divine attributes mentioned in the Quran and Hadith, but they interpret these attributes in a manner that seeks to avoid anthropomorphism and likening God to creation (tashbih) while also avoiding negating (ta'til) what has been attributed to God. They maintain a balance between the literal meanings of the attributes and unfathomable transcendence. 2. **Use of Reason**: Ash'aris advocate for the use of reason (kalam) to defend the principles of Islamic belief against heretical views but always within the bounds that do not contradict the Quran and Sunnah. They argue that reason can confirm and complement the truths found in revelation. 3. **Free Will and Predestination**: Regarding the question of free will and predestination (qadar), Ash'aris adopt a middle position, affirming that God has predetermined all events but that humans have acquired (kasb) actions. Essentially, humans possess a measure of free will to choose their actions, yet God is the ultimate creator of those actions. 4. **Salvation and Intercession**: Ash'aris believe that faith (iman) consists of affirmation by the heart, expression by the tongue, and action by the limbs. This means that faith increases with good deeds and may decrease with sins. However, major sins, in their view, do not necessarily condemn a person to eternal damnation as long as they profess faith. Intercession (shafa'a) by the Prophet Muhammad and the saints is a hope held for the sinful believers. 5. **Consensus (Ijma)**: Ash'aris place a significant emphasis on the consensus of the scholars (ijma) as a source of Islamic law and belief, arguing that the Muslim community as a whole cannot agree on an error. 6. **Just Ruler and Rebellion**: They typically hold that a just ruler should be obeyed, and they generally oppose rebellion against a ruler unless he is outrightly tyrannical and impious. The Ash'ari theology has historically been widely accepted in the Sunni Muslim world, with a considerable following among Muslims, especially in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. It has been notably influential in shaping the mainstream understanding of Sunni theology, particularly during the classical and medieval periods of Islamic history. Ash'ari scholars have also been active in the other disciplines of Islamic learning, including fiqh (jurisprudence) and hadith. Despite their specific theological principles, Ash'aris practice the same fundamental tenets of Islam—the five pillars—and engage in the same religious observances as other Sunni Muslims. The differences with other schools are largely related to subtle points of creed and theology rather than the overarching principles of the Islamic faith.

answer:The Maturidi school is one of the two main schools of Sunni Islamic theology, founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi in the 10th century CE, based in Samarkand. While similar to the Ash'ari school in many respects, particularly in their response to the Mu'tazilites and their use of reason in theology, the Maturidi school has its own distinct beliefs and principles: 1. **Divine Attributes**: Like the Ash'aris, Maturidis affirm the attributes of God mentioned in the Quran and the Hadith, avoiding anthropomorphic interpretations. They often emphasize God's transcendence and maintain a balance between literalism and allegorical interpretations. 2. **Human Reason & Free Will**: Maturidis place slightly more emphasis on human reason than Ash'aris, especially with regard to discerning good and bad in the absence of revelation. They also have a nuanced stance on free will; while God's omniscience and omnipotence include the creation of all actions, humans have a type of "acquisition" (iktisab) or capacity that allows them to earn the results of their actions, giving them a level of responsibility. 3. **Faith & Acts**: Maturidis generally hold that faith (iman) does not increase or decrease because of one's actions; rather, it remains constant as long as one affirms the central tenets of Islam. This contrasts with the Ash'ari view that faith can increase with good deeds and decrease with bad deeds. 4. **Role of Revelation and Reason**: Maturidis assert that reason alone is sufficient to establish basic moral and theological concepts even before receiving divine guidance. Nonetheless, revelation is essential for detailed religious knowledge and for matters that reason cannot fully grasp. 5. **Intercession & Salvation**: Similar to Ash'aris, Maturidis believe in intercession (shafa'ah) on the Day of Judgment for sinful believers. They also hold the view that major sins do not necessarily lead to eternal damnation, provided the person does not die in a state of disbelief. 6. **Society & Governance**: Maturidis typically support the idea of an established leadership and are against rebellion, similar to Ash'aris unless the ruler is oppressive and irreligious. The Maturidi school has traditionally been influential in regions where Turkic and Persian cultures have been prominent, notably in Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, as well as in the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Today, it remains a predominant school of theology for Sunnis in Turkey, Central Asia, and parts of the Arab world. In practice, Maturidis follow the same fundamental tenets of Islam—the five pillars—and engage in the same religious observances as other Sunni Muslims. Like the Ash'aris, the main differences between Maturidis and other theological schools lie in detailed points of creed and theological reasoning rather than the broader principles of the Islamic faith.

answer:The concept you're describing is not customary in food classification and could raise concerns regarding food safety. If small glass beads are intentionally wrapped in meat, the resulting composite should not be considered as a type of meat suitable for consumption. Glass is an inedible and potentially hazardous material that does not belong in food products. Consuming glass can lead to serious injuries to the mouth, throat, and digestive system. When classifying products for culinary or commercial purposes, the composite would likely be deemed a non-food item or a contaminated food product, depending on the context and intent. It's essential to keep non-food materials, especially those that pose a risk of injury, out of consumable food items. If such a product were found, it would likely be subject to recall and the responsible parties could face legal consequences due to the health risks associated with consuming non-food hazardous materials. If you are referring to a hypothetical or artistic context where the rules of reality don't necessarily apply, or if you're using this as a metaphor or thought experiment, the response would depend on the specific rules of that scenario or the point you're making. However, in practical, real-world terms regarding food classification and safety, such a composite is not considered meat and is unfit for consumption.